Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS, 18 Dvortsovaya emb., St. Petersburg, 191186, Russia  [olozamostje@gmail.com]

Resume. The economy of the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic population of the forest zone of Eastern Europe was highly dependent on the exploitation of water resources. The settlements of ancient hunters-fishermen along the shores of large lakes succeeded each other for millennia. It was at this time that fish from an episodic food gradually became an important part of the diet, possibly within a seasonal cycle, and fishing became the most important economic activity. The development of various methods of fishing is evidenced by a number of specialized tools made of bone, and, under favorable circumstances, of wood, including a variety of fishing structures. As for fishing nets, in most cases only indirect evidence, such as sinkers, floats, boats and even paddles, points to their use. At the well-known Late Mesolithic — Early Neolithic site of Zamostje 2, in addition to the above finds, a large series of knots from vegetable fibers were collected, the analysis of which is the subject of this work.

Keywords: Mesolithic, Neolithic, Volga-Oka interfluve, Zamostje 2, fishing, organic materials, plant fibers, fishing nets.

Received 11.11.2018.

DOI: 10.31600/2658-3925-2019-1-108-124

For citation: Lozovskaya O. V. On the use of fishing nets at the Zamostje 2 site. Prehistoric Archaeology. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2019 (1), 6-47 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.31600/2658-3925-2019-1-108-124

References:

Burov G. M. 1966. Arkheologicheskie nakhodki v starichnykh torfianikakh basseina Vychegdy. SA 1, 155–173 (in Russian).

Vankina L. V. 1970. Torfianikovaia stoianka Sarnate. Riga: “Zinatne” Publ. (in Russian).

Vasil’eva N. A. 2014. K probleme sokhraneniia arkheologicheskikh izdelii iz rastitel’nykh volokon (po materialam pamiatnika Serteia II). In: Mazurkevich A. N., Polkovnikova M. E., Dolbunova E. V. (eds.). Arkheologiia ozernykh poselenii IV–II tys. do n. e.: Khronologiia kul’tur i prirodno-klimaticheskie ritmy. SPb: “Periferiia” Publ., 232–237 (in Russian).

Dolbunova E. V. 2014. Rybolovnye konstruktsii srednego — pozdnego neolita (Pamiatnik Serteia I, Smolenskaia oblast’). In: Sitdikov A. G., Makarov N. A., Derevianko A. P. (eds.). Trudy IV (XX) Vserossiiskogo arkheologicheskogo s”ezda v Kazani 2014 g. (1). Kazan’: “Otechestvo” Publ., 243–246 (in Russian).

Zhilin M. G. 2004. Prirodnaia sreda i khoziaistvo mezoliticheskogo naseleniia tsentra i severo-zapada lesnoi zony Vostochnoy Evropy. M.: “Akademiia” Publ. (in Russian).

Zagorska I. A. 1991. Rybolovstvo i morskoi promysel v kamennom veke na territorii Latvii. In: Gurina N. N. (ed.). Rybolovstvo i morskoi promysel v epokhu mezolita — rannego metalla v lesnoi i lesostepnoi zone Vostochnoy Evropy. L.: “Nauka” Publ., 39–64 (in Russian).

Kolosova M. I., Mazurkevich A. N. 1998. Identifikatsiia dereviannykh predmetov po priznakam anatomicheskogo stroeniia drevesiny iz neoliticheskikh torfianikovykh pamiatnikov Lovatsko-Dvinskogo mezhdurech‘ia. In: Savinov D. G., Sedykh V. N., Petrova N. I. (eds.). Poseleniia: sreda, kul‘tura, sotsium. Materialy tematicheskoi nauchnoi konferentsii, SPb, 6–9 oktiabria 1998 g. SPb: SPbGU, 52–56 (in Russian).

Loze I. 1988. Poseleniia kamennogo veka Lubanskoi niziny. Mezolit, rannii i srednii neolit. Riga: “Zinatne” Publ. (in Russian).

Lozovskii V. M., Ramseer D. 1997. Predmety iz dereva stoianki Zamost’e 2. In: Lozovskii V. M. (ed.). Drevnosti Zalesskogo kraia. Sergiev Posad: SPGIKhMZ, 66–73 (in Russian).

Lozovskii V. M., Lozovskaia O. V., Klemente-Konte I., Mazurkevich A. N., Gass’ot-Bal’be E. 2013a. Dereviannye rybolovnye konstruktsii na stoianke kamennogo veka Zamost’e 2. In: Lozovskii V. M., Lozovskaia O. V., Klemente-Konte I. (eds.). Zamost’e 2. Ozernoe poselenie drevnikh rybolovov epokhi mezolita-neolita v basseine Verkhney Volgi. SPb: IIMK RAN, 46–75 (in Russian).

Lozovskii V. M., Lozovskaia O. V., Klemente-Konte I., Megro I., Giria E. Iu., Radu V., DessBerse N., Gass’ot Bal’be E. 2013b. Rybolovstvo epokhi pozdnego mezolita i rannego neolita po materialam issledovanii stoianki Zamost’e 2. In: Lozovskii V. M., Lozovskaia O. V., Klemente-Konte I. (eds.). Zamost’e 2. Ozernoe poselenie drevnikh rybolovov epokhi mezolita-neolita v basseine Verkhney Volgi. SPb: IIMK RAN, 18–45 (in Russian).

Radiouglerodnaia khronologiia epokhi neolita Vostochnoy Evropy VII–III tys. do n. e.: kol. monogr. 2016. Comp. Zaitseva G. I., Lozovskaia O. V., Vybornov A. A., Mazurkevich A. N. Smolensk: “Svitok” Publ. (in Russian).

Radu V., Dess-Berse N. 2013. Ryby irybolovstvo na stoianke Zamost’e 2. In: Lozovskii V. M., Lozovskaia O. V., Klemente Konte I. (eds.). Zamost’e 2. Ozernoe poselenie drevnikh rybolovov epokhi mezolita-neolita v basseine Verkhney Volgi. SPb: IIMK RAN, 182– 193 (in Russian).

Rimantene R. K. 1991. Ozernoe rybolovstvo i morskaia okhota v kamennom veke Litvy. In: Gurina N. N. (ed.). Rybolovstvo i morskoi promysel v epokhu mezolita — rannego metalla v lesnoi i lesostepnoi zone Vostochnoy Evropy. L.: “Nauka” Publ., 65–86 (in Russian).

Stoianka Zamost’e 2 i razvitie prirodnoi sredy Volgo-Okskogo mezhdurech’ia v golotsene. 2018. Kollektivnaia monografiia. Comp. Lozovskaia O. V., Lozovskii V. M. SPb: IIMK RAN (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.31600/978–5–9909872–8–9–2018

Carpelan C. 2008. On the history and recent studies of the ‘Antrea Net Find’. Karelian Isthmus — Stone Age Studies in 1998–2003. Iskos 16. Helsinki, 88–127.

Feulner F. 2012. Evidence of fishing in the Satrup bog, Kr. Schleswig-Flensburg, Germany. Quartär 59, 165–174. DOI: 10.7485/QU59_7.

Gramsch B. 1992. Friesack Mesolithic Wetlands. In: Coles B. (ed.). The Wetland Revolution in Prehistory. Exeter: WARP Occasional Paper 6, 65–72.

Gramsch B. 2016. Die Artefakte aus Holz und Baumrinde vom mesolithischen Moor-fundplatz Friesack 4, Lkr. Havelland. Veröffentlichungen zur branderburgischen Landesarchäologie 47, 7–54.

Hartz S., Kraus H. 2009. Fischfang in der Ertebølle-Kultur. Beispiele von Küsten- und Inlandsiedlungen Schleswig-Holsteins. In: Müller U., Kleingärtner S., Huber F. (eds.) Zwischen Nord- und Ostsee 1997–2007. Zehn Jahre Arbeitsgruppe für maritime und limnische Archäologie (AMLA) in Schleswig-Holstein. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GMBL, 209–224.

Indreko R. 1948. Die mittlere Steinzet in Estland: Mit einer Ubersicht uber die Geologie des Kunda-Sees von K. Orviku. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademiens Handlingar 66. Stockholm.

Kernchen I., Gramsch B. 1989. Mesolithische Netz- und Seilreste von Friesack, Bezirk Potsdamn und ihre Konservierung. Veröffentlichungen des Museums für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Potsdam 23, 23–28.

Klooß S. 2015. Mit Einbaum und Paddel zum Fischfang. Holz artefakte von endmesolithischen und frühneolithischen Küstensiedlungen an der südwestlichen Ostseeküste. Hamburg: Wachholtz Murmann.

Lozovski V. 1996. Zamostje 2. Les derniers chasseurs-pêcheurs préhistoriques de la Plaine Russe. Treignes: CEDARC.

Lozovski V., Lozovskaya O., Mazurkevich A., Hookk D., Kolosova M. 2014. Late Mesolithic–Early Neolithic human adaptation to environmental changes at an ancient lake shore: The multi-layer Zamostje 2 site, Dubna River floodplain, Central Russia. Quaternary International 324, 146–161.

Lozovski V., Lozovskaya O. 2016. New evidence of the fishing economy of Stone Age waterlogged sites in Central and North-Western Russia: The example of Zamostje 2. In: New Sites, New Methods, Proceedings of the Finnish-Russian Archaeological Symposium, Helsinki, 19–21 November 2014. Iskos 21. Helsinki, 85–100.

Miettinen A., Sarmaja-Korjonen K., Sonninen E., Jungner H., Lempiäinen T., Ylikoski K., Carpelan C., Mäkiaho J.-P. 2008. The palaeoenvironment of the ’Antrea net find’. Karelian Isthmus — Stone Age Studies in 1998–2003. Iskos 16. Helsinki, 71–87.

Pälsi S. 1920. Ein steinzeitlicher Moorfund bei Korpilahti im Kirchspiel Antrea, Län Viborg. Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja XXVIII (2), 3–19.

Rimantienė R. 1979. Šventoji. Narvos kultūros gyvenvietės. Vilnius: Mokslas.

Rimantienė R. 2005. Die Steinzeitfischer an der Ostseelagune in Litauen. Vilnius: Litauisches Nationalmuseum.

Schwabedissen H. 1981. Ertebölle-Ellerbek— Mesolithikum oder Neolithikum. In: Gramsch B. (ed.) Mesolithikum in Europe. Berlin, 129–142.

Sirelius U. T. 1906. Über die Sperrfischerei bei den finnisch-ugrischen Völkern: eine vergleichende ethnographische. Untersuchung mit 607 Figuren. Travaux ethnographiques III. Helsingfors: Société Finno-Ougrienne.