Институт этнологии и антропологии РАН, Ленинский пр., 32а, Москва, 119334, Россия [marina.butovskaya@gmail.com]

Резюме. В последние десятилетия накоплен значительный массив данных о социальном поведении обезьян. Эти данные позволяют по-новому взглянуть на ранние этапы социальной эволюции человека, а также указывают на роль когнитивных факторов в этом процессе. Практически все сложно организованные сообщества обезьян, включающие мультисамцовые и мультисамковые объединения, формируются по иерархическому принципу. Жёсткость иерархических отношений зависит от выраженности конкуренции за монополизируемые ресурсы. В последние годы было показано, что модель отношений доминирования у бонобо, за небольшими отличиями, идентична таковой у шимпанзе. Представления об эгалитарности бонобо оказались несостоятельными. Полевые данные o социальной организации шерстистых обезьян (Lagothrix) свидетельствуют о высоком уровне промискуитета и отсутствии выраженной конкуренции за доступ к половому партнеру. Однако, по мнению специалистов, социальные отношения, близкие к эгалитарным, у этого таксона возникли по причине невозможности монополизировать пищевые ресурсы в окружающей среде. Реально эгалитарными можно считать лишь игрунок Callitrichids. В этом случае, однако, имеет место крайне упрощённая социальная структура, в которой отсутствуют мультисамцовые и мультисамковые объединения. Таким образом, на сегодняшний день у приматов не выявлено ни одного вида со сложной мультисамцовой / мультисамковой организацией, практикующего по-настоящему эгалитарные отношения, за исключением человека. Эгалитаризм в человеческих обществах неразрывно связан с развитием моральных установок, стимулирующих делёж, кооперацию и равенство, и пресекающих доминирование, конфликты и авторитаризм.

Ключевые слова: эгалитаризм, иерархии доминирования, конкуренция за монополизируемые и не монополизируемые ресурсы, обезьяны, охотники-собиратели.

Материал поступил 02.01.2020, принят 11.02.2020.

DOI: 10.31600/2658-3925-2020-1-13-26

Для цитирования: Бутовская М. Л. Приматы как модель эволюционного прошлого человека: вариации степени выраженности социальной иерархии и отсутствие истинного эгалитаризма. Первобытная археология. Журнал междисциплинарных исследований. 2020 (1), 13-26. DOI: 10.31600/2658-3925-2020-1-13-26

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