Институт этнологии и антропологии РАН, Ленинский пр., 32а, Москва, 119334, Россия [artemova.olga@list.ru]

Резюме. Автор предполагает, что стремление к равенству является одним из древнейших достижений человечества. Представления о справедливости и желание элиминировать коренные причины конфликтов должны были стимулировать эмпирические поиски всевозможных способов сдерживания индивидуальных или групповых проявлений доминирования, а также породить стратегии поведения, направленные на нивелирование соперничества и соревнования, на выравнивание индивидуальных и групповых статусов. Такие стратегии известны представителям самых разных культур, включая современные городские. Но, как правило, они применялись и применяются только временно и только в определённых социальных контекстах. Однако в некоторых охотничье-собирательских обществах, изучавшихся этнографически, люди стремились следовать подобным стратегиям всегда. В то же время этнографии известны общества с присваивающей экономикой, которые развили эффективные системы социальной дифференциации. Эгалитарные и неэгалитарные социальные системы охотников и собирателей, описанные этнографами, не могут быть прямолинейно спроецированы в древнейшие времена, но следует предположить, что верхнепалеолитические и мезолитические охотники также могли создавать эгалитарные и неэгалитарные формы социальных отношений. Автор настаивает на том, что максимальная приближённость к идеалам социального равенства возможна только как результат целенаправленных и многопоколенных усилий людей. Автор также считает, что для понимания того, как древние общества пришли к культурной сложности, производящему хозяйству, государствам и цивилизациям, исследователям следует предположить, что у истоков подобных процессов были неэгалитарные социальные отношения, причем такие их формы, которые принципиально отличались от форм социального неравенства охотников и собирателей, изучавшихся этнографически, включая специализированные иерархически организованные их системы. В статье ставятся под сомнение некоторые устоявшиеся представления о ранних этапах социальной эволюции, в частности — об эгалитарном старте истории человечества.

Ключевые слова: общества охотников и собирателей, равенство, неравенство, эгалитаризм, этнография, археология, социальная эволюция, эгалитарные и неэгалитарные социальные системы.

Материал поступил 05.02.2020, доработан 13.03.2020, принят 15.03.2020.

DOI: 10.31600/2658-3925-2020-1-64-91

Для цитирования: Артёмова О. Ю. Равенство как категорический императив. Первобытная археология. Журнал междисциплинарных исследований. 2020 (1), 64-91. DOI: 10.31600/10.31600/2658-3925-2020-1-64-91

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