Резюме. В статье рассматриваются материалы Сухотинской мастерской в Забайкальской Сибири, где выявлены самые восточные индустрии среднего и начального верхнего палеолита. Основное внимание уделено реконструкции схем расщепления камня, использовавшихся обитателями памятника. Особый интерес представляют богатые комплексы слоёв 3–5. В слоях 3 и 4 представлена индустрия начального верхнего палеолита. Среднепалеолитический комплекс слоя 5 содержит свидетельства использования конвергентной техники леваллуа для получения удлинённых остий.

Ключевые слова: Забайкалье, Титовская сопка, Сухотинская мастерская, средний палеолит, леваллуазская техника, начальный верхний палеолит.

Статья поступила 28.02.2024, доработана 27.04.2024, принята 02.05.2024

DOI: 10.31600/2658-3925-2024-1-24-40

Для цитирования: Moroz P. V., Slavinsky V. S., Vereshchagin S. B., Yurgenson G. A., Ryzhov Yu. V., Kuzmin Ya. V., Tsybankov A. A. The easternmost Late Middle Paleolithic and Initial Upper Paleolithic industries in Asia: assemblages of the Sukhotino workshop, Eastern Transbaikal, Russia. Prehistoric Archaeology. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2024 (1), 24–40, DOI: 10.31600/2658-3925-2024-1-24-40

Список литературы:

Bond G., Broecker W., Johnsen S., McManus J., Labeyrie L., Jouzel J., Bonani G. 1993. Correlation between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice. Nature 365, 143–147.

Chen F., Welker F., Shen C.-C., Bailey S. E., Bergmann I., Davis S., Xia H., Wang H., Fischer R., Freidline S. E., Yu T.-L., Skinner M. M., Stelzer S., Dong G., Fu Q., Dong G., Wang J., Zhang D., Hublin J.-J. 2019. A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature 569, 409–412.

Derevianko A. P., Markin S. V. 1992. Mustye Gornogo Altaya (The Mousterian of the Mountainous Altai). Novosibirsk: Nauka (in Russian).

Derevianko A. P., Glinsky S. V., Dergacheva M. I., Dupal T. A., Efremov S. A., Zenin A. N., Krivoshapkin A. I., Kulikov O. A., Malaeva E. M., Markin S. V., Nikolaev S. V., Nokhrina T. I., Petrin V. T., Pozdnyakov A. A., Popova E. P., Rybin E. P., Simonov Y. G., Fedeneva I. N., Chevalkov L. M., Shunkov M. V. 1998a. Problemy paleoekologii, geologii i archeologii paleolita Altaya (Problems of paleoecology, geology and archeology of the Altai Paleolithic). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press (in Russian).

Derevianko A. P., Petrin V. T., Rybin E. P., Chevalkov L. M. 1998b. Paleoliticheskie kompleksy stratifitsirovannoi chasti stoyanki Kara-Bom (Mustie — Verkhnii Paleolit) (Paleolithic Complex at the Stratified Site of Kara-Bom). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press (in Russian).

Derevianko A. P., Kandyba A. V., Petrin V. T. 2010. Paleolit Orkhona (Paleolithic of Orkhon). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press (in Russian).

Derevianko A. P., Krivoshapkin A. I., Anoikin A. A., Wrinn P. J., Islamov U. I. 2004. The lithic industry of Obi-Rakhmat Grotto. In: Derevianko A. P. (ed.). Grot Obi-Rakhmat (Obi-Rakhmat Grotto). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press, 5–33 (in Russian and English).

Derevianko A. P., Shunkov M. V., Agadjanian A. K., Baryshnikov G. F., Malaeva E. M., Ulianov V. A., Kulik N. A., Postnov A. V., Anoikin A. A. 2003. Prirodnaya sreda i chelovek v paleolite Gornogo Altaya (Environment and Human in the Paleolithic of Gorny Altai). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press (in Russian).

Derevianko A. P., Zenin A. N., Rybin E. P., Gladyshev S. A., Tsybankov A. A., Olsen J. W., Tseveendorj D., Gunchinsuren B. 2007. The technology of early Upper Paleolithic lithic reduction in Northern Mongolia: the Tolbor‑4 site. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 29, 16–38.

Douka K., Slon V., Jacobs Z., Bronk Ramsey C., Shunkov M. V., Derevianko A. P., Mafessoni F., Kozlikin M. B., Li B., Grun R., Comeskey D., Deviese T., Brown S., Viola B., Kinsley L., Buckley M., Meyer M., Roberts R. G., Paabo S., Kelso J., Higham T. 2019.

Age estimate for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565, 640–644. Filatov E. A. 2016. Sukhotinskij geoarkheologicheskij kompleks: nauchny`j putevoditel` po paleoliticheskim pamyatnikam Sukhotinskogo geoarkheologicheskogo kompleksa (Sukhotino Geoarchaeological complex: a scientific guide to the Paleolithic monuments of the Sukhotino geoarchaeological complex). Chita: Trans-Baikal State University Press (in Russian).

Frechen M., Zander A., Zykina V., Boenigk W. 2005. The loess record from the section at Kurtak in Middle Siberia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 228, 228–244.

Fu, Q., Li H., Moorjani P., Jay F., Slepchenko S. M., Bondarev A. A., Johnson P. L. F., Petri A. A., Prufer K., de Filippo C., Meyer M., Zwyns N., Salazar-Garcia D. C., Kuzmin Ya. V., Keates S. G., Kosintsev P. A., Razhev D. I., Richard M. P., Peristov N. V., Lachmann M., Douka K., Higham T. F. G., Slatkin M., Hublin J.-J., Reich D., Kelso J., Viola T. B., Paabo S. 2014. The genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature 514, 445–450.

Guillevic M., Bazin L., Landais A., Stowasser C., Masson-Delmotte V., Blunier T., Eynaud F., Falourd S., Michel E., Minster B., Popp T., Prie F., Vinther B. M. 2014. Evidence for a three-phase sequence during Heinrich Stadial 4 using a multiproxy approach based on Greenland ice core records. Climate of the Past 10, 2115–2133.

Heinrich H. 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130 000 years. Quaternary Research 29, 142–152.

Hublin J.-J., Sirakov N., Aldeias V., Bailey S., Bard E., Delvigne V., Endarova E., Fagault Y., Fewlass H., Hajdinjak M., Kromer B., Krumov I., Marreiros J., Martisius N. L., Paskulin L., Sinet-Mathiot V., Meyer M., Paabo S., Popov V., Rezek Z., Sirakova S., Skinner M. M., Smith G. M., Spasov R., Talamo S., Tuna T., Wacker L., Welker F., Wilcke A., Zahariev N., McPherron S. P., Tsanova T. 2020. Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria. Nature 581, 299–302.

Izuho M., Terry K., Vasil’ev S., Konstantinov M., Takahashi K. 2019. Tolbaga revisited: scrutinizing occupation duration and its relationship with the faunal landscape during MIS3 and MIS2. Archaeological Research in Asia 17, 9–23.

Jacobs Z., Li B., Shunkov M. V., Kozlikin M. B., Bolikhovskaya N. S., Agadjanian A. K., Uliyanov V. A., Vasiliev S. K., O’Gorman K., Derevianko A. P., Roberts R. G. 2019. Timing

of archaic hominin occupation of Denisova Cave in southern Siberia. Nature 565, 594–599.

Khatsenovich A. M., Rybin E. P., Gunchinsuren B., Olsen J. W., Shelepaev R. A., Zotkina L. V., Bolorbat T., Popov A. Y., Odsuren D. 2017. New evidence for Paleolithic human behavior in Mongolia: the Kharganyn Gol 5 site. Quaternary International 442, 78–94.

Kind N. V. 1974. Geokhronologiia pozdnego antropogena po izotopnym dannym (Late Anthropogene Geochronology According to Isotopic Data). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).

Konstantinov M. V. 1994. Kamenny`j vek vostochnogo regiona Bajkal`skoj Azii (The Stone Age of the Eastern Part of Baikal Asia). Chita: Chita State Pedagogical Institute (in Russian).

Krause J., Orlando L., Serre D., Viola B., Prufer K., Richards M. P., Hublin J.-J., Hanni C., Derevianko A. P., Paabo S. 2007. Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia. Nature 449, 902–904.

Krivoshapkin A. I., Kuzmin Ya. V., Jull A. J. T. 2010. Chronology of the Obi-Rakhmat grotto (Uzbekistan): first results on the dating and problems of the Paleolithic key site in Central Asia. Radiocarbon 52, 549–554.

Kuzmin Ya. V., Keates S. G. 2020. The chronology of hominin fossils from the Altai Mountains, Siberia: An alternative view. Journal of Human Evolution 146: 102834.

Kuzmin Ya. V., Slavinsky V. S., Tsybankov A. A., Keates S. G. 2021. Denisovans, Neanderthals, and Early Modern Humans: A review of the Pleistocene hominin fossils from the Altai Mountains (Southern Siberia). Journal of Archaeological Research 30, 321–369.

Lbova L. 2000. Paleolit severnoi zony Zapadnogo Zabaikalia (Palaeolithic of the North-Western Part of Transbaikalia). Ulan-Ude: BNC SO RAN Press (in Russian).

Lesage C., Postnov A. V., Krivoshapkin A. I., Jaubert J. 2018. Levallois reduction sequences in Altai: A view from the study of Ust’-Kanskaya Cave (Gorny Altai, Russia). Quaternary International 535, 104–116.

Mafessoni F., Grote S., de Filippo C., Slon V., Kolobova K. A., Viola B., Markin S. V.,  Chintalapati M., Peyregne S., Skov L., Skoglund P., Krivoshapkin A. I., Derevianko A. P., Meyer M., Kelso J., Peter B., Prufer K., Paabo S. 2020. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Chagyrskaya Cave. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 117, 15132–15136.

Meignen L., 2012. Levantine perspectives on the Middle to Upper Paleolithic “transition”. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40, 12–21.

Mochanov Yu. A., Fedoseeva S. A., 2013. Ocherki dopis’mennoi istorii Iakutii. Epokha kamnia: v 2 t. (Essays of Preliterate History of Yakutia: Stone Age. In 2 vols.). Yakutsk (in Russian).

Olszewski D. I. 2017. The Initial Upper Palaeolithic in the Levant. In: Enzel Y., Bar-Yosef O. (eds.). Quaternary of the Levant. Environments, Climate Change and Humans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 621–626.

Pitulko V. V., Tikhonov A. N., Pavlova E. Y., Nikolskiy P. A., Kuper K. E., Polozov R. N. 2016. Paleoanthropology: Early human presence in the Arctic: Evidence from 45,000-yearold mammoth remains. Science 351, 260–263.

Prokopenko A. A., Karabanov E. B., Williams D. F., Kuzmin M. I., Khursevich G. K., Gvozdkov A. A. 2001. The detailed record of climatic events during the past 75,000 yrs BP from the Lake Baikal drill core BDP‑93–2. Quaternary International 80–81, 59–68.

Ranov V. A., Laukhin S. A., van der Plicht J. 2002. Pervoe serijnoe radiouglerodnoe datirovanie must`e Tadzhikistana (The first serial radiocarbon dating of the mustier of Tajikistan). Rossijskaya arkheologiya 2, 5–16 (in Russian).

Rebollo N. R., Weiner S., Brock F., Meignen L., Goldberg P., Belfer-Cohen A., Bar-Yosef O., Boaretto E. 2011. New radiocarbon dating of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Kebara Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeologicsal Science 38, 2424–2433.

Rudenko S. I. 1961. The Ust´-Kanskaia palaeolithic cave site, Siberia. American Antiquity 27, 203–215.

Rybin E. P., 2014. Tools, beads and migrations: specific cultural traits in the Initial Upper Paleolithic of Southern Siberia and Central Asia. Quaternary International 347, 39–52.

Rybin E. P., Khatsenovich A. M., 2020. Middle and Upper Paleolithic Levallois technology in Eastern Central Asia. Quaternary International 535, 117–138.

Rybin E. P., Slavinsky V. S., 2015. Levalluazskaya konvergentnaya odnonapravlennaya tipichnaya technologiya v Yuzhnoj Sibiri i severnoj chasti Central`noj Azii: variabel`nost`, rasprostranenie i chronologiya (Levallois convergent unidirectional typical technology in Southern Siberia and northern Central Asia: variability, distribution and chronology). Stratum plus 1, 285–308 (in Russian).

Rybin E. P., Khatsenovich A. M., Zwyns N., Gunchinsuren B., Paine C., Bolorbat Ts., Anoikin A. A, Kharevich V. M., Odsuren D., Margad-Erdene G. 2017. Stratigrafiya i kul`turnaya posledovatel`nost` stoyanki Tolbor‑21 (Severnaya Mongoliya): itogi rabot 2014–2016 godov i dal`nejshie perspektivy` issledovanij (Stratigraphy and cultural sequence of the Tolbor 21 site (Northern Mongolia): the results of the 2014–2016 excavation campaigns and perspectives of further investigations). Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy (Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research) 15 (3), 158–168 (in Russian).

Shalagina A. V., Zotkina L. V., Anoikin A. A., Kulik N. A., 2019. Listovidnye bifasy v kompleksah nachal’nogo verkhnego paleolita yuznoj Sibiri i severa Central’noj Azii (Leaf-Shaped bifaces in the Initial Upper Paleolithic of Southern Siberia and Central Asia). Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy (Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research) 26 (2), 47–60 (in Russian).

Shunkov M. V., Anoikin A. A., Pavlenok G. D., Kharevich V. M., Shalagina A. V., Zotkina L. V., Taimagambetov Z. K. 2019. Ushbulak — a new stratified Upper Paleolithic site in northeastern Kazakhstan. L’Anthropologie 123, 438–451.

Shunkov M. V., Kozlikin M. B., Derevianko A. P., 2020. Dynamics of the Altai Paleolithic industries in the archaeological record of Denisova Cave. Quaternary International 559, 34–46.

Sikora M., Pitulko, V. V., Sousa V. S., Allentoft M. E., Vinner L., Rasmussen S., Margaryan A., de Barros Damgaard P., de la Fuente C., Renaud G., Yang M. A., Fu Q., Dupanloup I., Giampoudakis K., Nogues-Bravo D., Rahbek C., Kroonen G., Peyrot M., McColl H., Vasilyev S. V., Veselovskaya E., Gerasimova M., Pavlova E. Y., Chasnyk V. G., Nikolskiy P. A., Gromov A. V., Khartanovich V. I., Moiseyev V., Grebenyuk P. S., Fedorchenko A. Yu., Lebedintsev A. I., Slobodin S. B., Malyarchuk B. A., Martiniano R., Meldgaard M., Arppe L., Palo J. U., Sundell T., Mannermaa K., Putkonen M., Alexandersen V., Primeau Ch., Baimukhanov N., Malhi R. S., Sjogren K.-G., Kristiansen K., Wessman A., Sajantila A., Lahr M. M., Durbin R., Nielsen R., Meltzer D. J., Excoffier L., Willerslev E., 2019. The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene. Nature 570, 182–188.

Slavinsky V. S., Rybin E. P., 2007. Vosstanovlenie s pomoshh`yu remontazha variantov skaly`vaniya kamnya v industriyakh srednego paleolita i rannej pory` verkhnego paleolita stoyanki Kara-Bom (Restoration of stone knapping options by using the refitting in the Middle Paleolithic and Early Upper Paleolithic industries of the Kara-Bom site). Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya (Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University. Series: History, Philology) 6 (3), 70–79 (in Russian).

Slavinsky V. S., Tsybankov A. A., 2020. K voprosu e`volyucionnoj preemstvennosti industrij ot srednego k verkhnemu paleolitu na territorii Gornogo Altaya (kritika gipotezy` avtokhtonnogo razvitiya) (Towards the question of evolutionary continuity of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic industries on the territory of the Gorny Altai (a criticism of the autochthonous development hypothesis)). Stratum plus 1, 45–104 (in Russian).

Slavinsky V. S., Rybin E. P., Belousova N. E., 2016. Variation in Middle and Upper Paleolithic reduction technology at Kara-Bom, the Altai Mountains: refitting studies. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 44, 39–50.

Slavinsky V. S., Rybin E. P., Belousova N. E. Fedorchenko A. Yu., Khatsenovich A. M., Anoikin A. A. 2017. Specificheskij sposob podgotovki zony` rasshchepleniya nukleusov v nachal`nom verkhnem paleolite Yuzhnoj Sibiri i Central`noj Azii (A specific method for preparing the core cleavage zone in the initial Upper Paleolithic of Southern Siberia and Central Asia). Stratum plus 1, 221–244 (in Russian).

Slavinsky V. S., Rybin E. P., Khatsenovich A. M., Belousova N. E. 2018. Intentional fragmentation of blades in the initial upper Paleolithic industries of the Kara-Bom site (Altai, Russia). Archaeological Research in Asia 17, 50–61.

Slon V., Hopfe C., Weis C. L., Mafessoni F., de la Rasilla M., Lalueza-Fox C., Rosas A., Soressi M., Knul M. V., Miller R., Stewart J. R., Derevianko A. P., Jacobs Z., Li B., Roberts R. G., Shunkov M. V., de Lumley H., Perrenoud C., Gušić I., Kućan Ž., Rudan P., Aximu-Petri A., Essel E., Nagel S., Nickel B., Schmidt A., Prüfer K., Kelso J., Burbano H. A., Pääbo S., Meyer M. 2017. Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from Pleistocene sediments. Science 356, 605–608.

Swann G. E. A., Mackay A. W., Leng M. J., Demory F., 2005. Climatic change in Central Asia during MIS3/2: A case study using biological responses from Lake Baikal. Global and Planetary Change 44, 235–253.

Tashak V. I. 2016. Vostochnyi kompleks paleoliticheskogo poseleniya Podzvonkaya v Zapadnom Zabajkalye (The Eastern complex of the Paleolithic settlement of Podzvonkaya in Western Transbaikalia). Irkutsk: Institute of Geography SB RAS Press (in Russian).

Tashak V. I., 2018. Tekhnika Levallua v paleolite Zabajkaliya (Levallois technique in the Paleolithic of Transbaikalia). Stratum plus 1, 327–338 (in Russian).

Tashak V., Antonova Y. E. 2015. Paleoenvironment and peculiarities of stone industry development on Barun-Alan‑1 site (Western Transbaikal). Quaternary International 355, 126–133.

Vasiliev S. G., Rybin E. P. 2009. Tolbaga: upper paleolithic settlement patterns in the transbaikal region. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 37, 13–34.

Zander A., Frechen M., Zykina V., Boenigk W. 2003. Luminescence chronology of the Upper Pleistocene loess record at Kurtak in Middle Siberia. Quaternary Science Review 22, 999–1010.

Zwyns N. 2012. Laminar Technology and the Onset of the Upper Paleolithic in the Altai. Studies in Human Evolution. Leiden: Leiden University Press.

Zwyns N., Lbova L. V. 2019. The Initial Upper Paleolithic of Kamenka site, Zabaikal region (Siberia): A closer look at the blade technology. Archaeological Research in Asia 17, 24–49.

Zwyns N., Gladyshev S. A., Gunchinsuren B., Bolorbat T., Flas D., Dogandžić T., Tabarev A. V., Gillam J. C., Khatsenovich A. M., McPherron S. P., Odsuren D., Paine C. H., Purevjal K. E. Stewart J. R., 2014. The open-air site of Tolbor 16 (Northern Mongolia): preliminary results and perspectives. Quaternary International 347, 53–65.

Zwyns N., Paine C. H., Tsedendorj B., Talamo S., Fitzsimmons K. E., Gantumur A., Guunii L., Davakhuu O., Flas D., Dogandžić T., Doerschner N., Welker F., Gillam J. C., Noyer J. B., Bakhtiary R. S., Allshouse A. F., Smith K. N., Khatsenovich A. M., Rybin E. P., Byambaa G., Hublin J.-J. 2019. The northern route for human dispersal in Central and Northeast Asia: New evidence from the site of Tolbor‑16, Mongolia. Scientific Reports 9.

Zwyns N., Rybin E. P., Hublin J.-J., Derevianko A. P., 2012. Burin-core technology and laminar reduction sequence in the initial Upper Paleolithic from Kara-Bom (Gorny Altai, Siberia). Quaternary International 259, 33–47.